Understanding Diabetes: Symptoms, Types, and Management

Diabetes mellitus is typically a chronic condition, but it can be effectively managed when caught early. When left untreated, however, it can lead to serious complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and nerve damage.

Early recognition of symptoms and proper management are essential. This guide provides fundamental information about type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the signs to watch for.

What is Diabetes?

The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows the body to use glucose—a primary energy source. Glucose comes from carbohydrates in foods like bread, pasta, and potatoes, not just sugary treats.

In diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin, cannot use it effectively, or produces none at all. This leads to high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, which can cause both short-term and long-term health problems.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, sometimes called juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes, is usually diagnosed in childhood. It is an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in little to no insulin production. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections to survive.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, sometimes called adult-onset diabetes, generally develops in adults over 30. It often occurs in people who are overweight or have high cholesterol or blood pressure. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin, causing the pancreas to overproduce insulin, which eventually wears out the beta cells.

Type 2 diabetes can often be managed with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Some patients may eventually require insulin injections to maintain proper blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Symptoms can vary, but common signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes include:

• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Blurred vision or other vision problems
• Extreme fatigue
• Increased hunger
• Slow-healing wounds
• Frequent skin, oral, or vaginal infections

High blood sugar causes the body to excrete excess sugar through urine, leading to increased thirst and urination. Some diabetics may also have ketones in their urine, detectable through home test strips or at a doctor’s office.

Over time, diabetes can lead to neuropathy, causing burning, tingling, numbness, or stinging sensations, mainly in the hands and feet. Reduced sensation can result in unnoticed wounds or infections, making early detection and care essential.

Diagnosing Diabetes

Diabetes can only be definitively diagnosed through testing in a physician’s office. If you experience any of the symptoms above or have a family history of diabetes, it is important to see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis allows for timely management, which, when combined with lifestyle changes and consistent monitoring, can help minimize symptoms and support a healthy life.

Finding a Primary Care Doctor in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties

Family 1st Primary Care is accepting new patients. Our board-certified physicians provide comprehensive care for patients of all ages, including diabetes management, preventive care, and coordination with specialists when needed.

To schedule an appointment or learn more, request an appointment online or call your local center. Our team is dedicated to helping patients manage diabetes effectively and live healthy, full lives.